What is history? (book)

1. What is history? (library.thinkquest.org Thank you so much, thinkquest!)

History according to the Webster Dictionary:

• a chronological record of significant events (as affecting a nation or institution) often including an explanation of their causes
• a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events
• a : events that form the subject matter of a history b : events of the past

This traditional definition is broad enough to compass the study as it is known by most people. Notice how it states that history is a “chronological record” and how “events” are emphasized in each sub-definition. Assuming this, history is grounded in the arrangement and explanation of events in the order in which they occur; that is chronology at its root. At its best, timelines can make excellent visual aids. At its worst, history becomes a field of study that one must endure endless memorization of places, figures, and dates.

History isn’t all memorization; the fact that Webster’s definition mentions “an explanation of their [the events] causes” shows that there are additional levels such as comprehension and analysis. However, there remains the problem of comprehending the scale of history, especially when given an arrangement of events on a timeline. For instance, one person’s decision to measure a year or a century as ten centimeters on a line is certainly not another’s.

One established method transcending the nature of a timeline is to look at the "big picture.” By this method, we no longer have to measure history, but think of history as a fluid process in which events and trends are inextricably intertwined. A variety of historical elements can be analyzed at this level, but all relate to the history as a whole. The author Jared Diamond, in his book Guns, Germs, and Steel, stressed that geography determined the destinies of civilizations and the history as a whole. Diamond's analysis of history drew interconnected webs rather than a linear timeline. It is with this third-dimensional perspective that we can reach the upper level of historical studies.

To simplify the perception of history even further, we must investigate the perception of time itself, because at its core, history is made of time. There are number of theories and other viewpoints on how to deal with the idea of time. The conclusions that can be drawn from the study of time can allow us to approach history on a scientific basis. That is why we’ve chosen to investigate “the science of history.”

2. What we can learn about time? (library.thinkquest.org) (Recommend)

Considering what we can learn about time, we can make several conclusions about the perception of history.

The history that we study is not limited to human history, but is extends to time in general, which is restricted only by the age of the universe. History can be graphed on a timeline, but that kind of visualization can only go as far as the mind's perception of it. If you say that the distance between 2000 B.C.E. and the present is a distance of 20 centimeters on a timeline, that is your decision to perceive history in the length.

By using a specifically scientific perspective, it is possible to see history as a dynamic, relative process in which one small force can affect an entire system. A metaphor for this is a drop of sand in an hourglass can precipitate an entire web of fluidly related events. One popular explanation for such a process is the chaos theory, which states that long term changes in a dynamic linear system are sensitive to small initial actions and differences.

A historical example of this would be the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 by Serbian rebels. Austria-Hungary subsequently declared war on Serbia, and one by one most of the major European powers joined two warring alliances, beginning World War One. Indeed, this is a chain of events, but beyond the surface, the assassination sparked a web of events rooted both in the past and the present that had yet to come.

3. What is history? Let's see series of quotations about this issue. (historyguide.org)

"'History,' Stephen said, 'is a nightmare from which I am trying to awake.'" James Joyce

"Since history has no properly scientific value, its only purpose is educative. And if historians neglect to educate the public, if they fail to interest it intelligently in the past, then all their historical learning is valueless except in so far as it educates themselves." G. M. Trevelyan.

"To each eye, perhaps, the outlines of a great civilization present a different picture. In the wide ocean upon which we venture, the possible ways and directions are many; and the same studies which have served for my work might easily, in other hands, not only receive a wholly different treatment and application, but lead to essentially different conclusions." Jacob Burckhardt

"History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illuminates reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity." Cicero

"The past is useless. That explains why it is past." Wright Morris

"Faithfulness to the truth of history involves far more than a research, however patient and scrupulous, into special facts. Such facts may be detailed with the most minute exactness, and yet the narrative, taken as a whole, may be unmeaning or untrue. The narrator must seek to imbue himself with the life and spirit of the time. He must study events in their bearings near and remote; in the character, habits, and manners of those who took part in them. He must himself be, as it were, a sharer or a spectator of the action he describes." Francis Parkman

"History . . . is indeed little more than the register of the crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind." Edward Gibbon

"There is properly no history; only biography." Ralph Waldo Emerson

"The study of history is the best medicine for a sick mind; for in history you have a record of the infinite variety of human experience plainly set out for all to see; and in that record you can find yourself and your country both examples and warnings; fine things to take as models, base things rotten through and through, to avoid." Livy

"What experience and history teach is this-that people and governments never have learned anything from history, or acted on principles deduced from it." G. W. F. Hegel

"Everything must be recaptured and relocated in the general framework of history, so that despite the difficulties, the fundamental paradoxes and contradictions, we may respect the unity of history which is also the unity of life." Fernand Braudel

"The function off the historian is neither to love the past nor to emancipate himself from the past, but to master and understand it as the key to the understanding of the present." E. H. Carr

"If you do not like the past, change it." William L. Burton

"History does nothing, possesses no enormous wealth, fights no battles. It is rather man, the real, living man, who does everything, possesses, fights. It is not History, as if she were a person apart, who uses men as a means to work out her purposes, but history itself is nothing but the activity of men pursuing their purposes." Karl Marx

"An historian should yield himself to his subject, become immersed in the place and period of his choice, standing apart from it now and then for a fresh view." Samuel Eliot Morison

"History is for human self-knowledge. Knowing yourself means knowing, first, what it is to be a person; secondly, knowing what it is to be the kind of person you are; and thirdly, knowing what it is to be the person you are and nobody else is. Knowing yourself means knowing what you can do; and since nobody knows what they can do until they try, the only clue to what man can do is what man has done. The value of history, then, is that it teaches us what man has done and thus what man is." R. G. Collingwood

"History is more or less bunk." Henry Ford

"That historians should give their own country a break, I grant you; but not so as to state things contrary to fact. For there are plenty of mistakes made by writers out of ignorance, and which any man finds it difficult to avoid. But if we knowingly write what is false, whether for the sake of our country or our friends or just to be pleasant, what difference is there between us and hack writers? Readers should be very attentive to and critical of historians, and they in turn should be constantly on their guard." Polybius

"You have reckoned that history ought to judge the past and to instruct the contemporary world as to the future. The present attempt does not yield to that high office. It will merely tell how it really was." Leopold von Ranke

"Time in its irresistible and ceaseless flow carries along on its flood all created things and drowns them in the depths of obscurity. . . . But the tale of history forms a very strong bulwark against the stream of time, and checks in some measure its irresistible flow, so that, of all things done in it, as many as history has taken over it secures and binds together, and does not allow them to slip away into the abyss of oblivion." Anna Comnena

"Only a good-for-nothing is not interested in his past." Sigmund Freud

"Every past is worth condemning." Friedrich Nietzsche

"The historian does simply not come in to replenish the gaps of memory. He constantly challenges even those memories that have survived intact." Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi

"Each age tries to form its own conception of the past. Each age writes the history of the past anew with reference to the conditions uppermost in its own time." Frederick Jackson Turner

4. What is history?
- What Is History? is a 1961 non-fiction book by historian Edward Hallett Carr on historiography (Việc chép sử). It discusses history, facts, the bias of historians, science, morality, individuals and society, and moral judgements in history.